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Eski Yurt (Crimean Tatar: Eski Yurt, Ukrainian: Ескі-Юрт, Russian: Эски-Юрт) — a historical settlement in South West Crimea, presently a historical quarter in the western part of Bakhchisaray. Its name derives from the Crimean Tatar language terms for "old settlement" or "old headquarter" and "felt tent".
In the times of the Golden Horde Eski Yurt was a large, possibly urban settlement lying on an ancient trade route connecting the seaports of Chersonesos and Calamita with the interiors of the Crimean Peninsula. The large size of the settlement may be proved by the size of its main cemetery Qırq Azizler (14th-15th centuries; now completely destroyed) which was the oldest and the largest one of all Muslim cemeteries known in the western half of the Crimea. Eski Yurt retained its significance after the rise of the Crimean Khanate, which achieved independence from the Golden Horde in 1441. Along with a fortified mountain stronghold named Qırq Yer and laying a mile to the east Eski Yurt might be used as the main residence of the first Crimean khans after they moved their court from Solhat town in the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula to the South West, where Eski Yurt is situated. Eventually, after the new Crimean capital Bakhchisaray had been founded in 1532, Eski Yurt lost its economic and administrative status (and apparently received its later name of "Old Settlement"; the original name remains unknown). Nevertheless,
up to the beginning of the 20th century Eski Yurt was still considered by the Crimean Tatars as one of the most important Muslim religious centers in the Crimea due to the sanctuary of Malik Ashtar which existed there.The Aziz ("sanctuary") of Malik Ashtar was located in the central part of Eski Yurt. It was a large Muslim cemetery whose main object was the "maqam" (symbolical tomb) of Malik al-Ashtar en-Nahai (618-658), a companion of khalif Ali Ibn Abi Talib (618-657), actually buried in Cairo, Egypt. Similar "maqam" attributed to Malik Ashtar is situated also in Diyarbakır, Turkey.[1]
The Crimean Tatar tales portray Malik Ashtar as a dragon fighter and the brave warrior, who was the first to spread Islam in Crimea. According to the legends, he was wounded to the death in a battle with giants and died in Eski Yurt. Long time after, the legends say, his grave was discovered in a miraculous way by dervishes of the Nakshbandi (or Mevlevi) order, who established the shrine of his name.
The Crimean Tatars believed that those bitten by snakes may obtain healing visiting the Aziz of Malik Ashtar and praying there.[2] The shrine was surrounded by a large Muslim cemetery with hundreds of engravements arranged in common graves, underground stone vaults and in mausoleums. As narrative sources state, the cemetery was a place to bury noble people including some of the Crimean Tatar rulers from the Giray dynasty. The mosque at Aziz, besides being a common prayer house, was
also used as a "tekiye" for the dervishes who practiced their mystical rituals and prayer dances inside it.The Muslim religious center in Eski Yurt attracted a lot of visitors and existed till the 1920s when the Soviet regime closed it along with many other shrines and temples of different faiths.
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/ Eastern collection of the Society of Russian Orientalists. 1913.
from. 214
Crimea, its multi-tribal population with remnants of the old culture and numerous ruins of antiquities attracted the attention of both domestic and foreign scientists of the past and present centuries.
One of the most curious remnants of antiquity are the so-called "aziz" - the tombs of saints, the ruins of ancient monasteries or even just well-known areas, sacredly revered, strange as it may seem, equally by the Muslim and Christian population of the peninsula. There are Aziz and exclusively Muslim.
Of the most famous Aziz in the Crimea, eight sacred places or tombs can be especially noted.
Aziz Inkerman (Inkerman Aziz). The grave of the saint resting here is located on a mountain, above the Inkerman Monastery and is surrounded on all sides by a low wall, simple, not ancient masonry.
The second azis is Kosma-Demyanovsky or aziz of healing water (Saglyk-su azizi). The tomb of this aziz (saint) does not exist; maybe healing water is spouting from the grave. Patients who resort to his help and bathe at a healing source receive healing or relief from various diseases, and especially from the evil eye, melancholy, "spiritual tightness," as the Tatars say.
The third and fourth Aziz are in Bakhchisarai. One on the outskirts of Aziz, the other in the upper part of the city, in a hollow, opposite Chufut-Kale. The name of the first is Melek Gaider.
He rests in a well-preserved mausoleum (turbe) and is distinguished by the fact that he heals from the bite of poisonous reptiles. The name of the second is Gazi-Mansur. Both saints are Arabs by origin, companions of the Prophet. They, wounded in the battles for the faith, rode on wonderful horses to the Green Peninsula (Crimea) and were buried here. They knew that after them Muslims would come to the Crimea and miraculously reveal the location of their graves. Indeed, this is what happened: when the first Muslims from the Golden Horde came to Crimea and founded the Old Yurt 1(settlement), then the sheikh of the Nakshbendi order, who was among them, showed them the place of the grave of Melek-Gayder. Later, one of the pious khans erected a beautiful mausoleum with marble decorations over this grave.
The third Aziz from this group will rest at the very water of the Moinak salt lake, in Evpatoria. The tomb of this saint, with a lost name,
is marked with a pile of stones and is in poor condition. Pilgrims, praying to Allah at the holy grave and remembering him, receive healing from various ulcers and festering rashes. Pilgrims perform a complete ablution (bathing) in the miraculous water of Moinak, and then, having performed a ritual ablution (abdez), they perform an ordinary prayer.
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Astonished archaeologists: “Giants’ tombs found in Crimea” (Video)
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Late Scythian Necropolis Discovered In Crimea
From September 2020, the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been conducting large-scale rescue excavations at Sevastopol, on the final stretch of the Tavrida highway. The works are being carried out on the Kiel-Dere 1 burial ground discovered in 2018 as part of the survey of the future construction zone, located in Inkerman Valley on the slopes of a steep high hill.
During the Roman era the Inkerman valley was densely populated and traces of these settlements have been recorded by archaeologists in the area, including several burial grounds (Sovkhoz 10, Tchernaya Rechka, Inkerman), located only a few kilometres from the present site.
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